"First do no harm....it is agood therapy sometimes to give nothing" Hippocrates
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أعرض في هذا الموضوع لعدد من العلامات والأعراض المرضية التي ارتبطت باسم مكتشفيها من العلماء
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Adolph Kussmaul(1822-1902)
German physician
Study for his doctorate under virchow
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He described two medical signs and one disease which have eponymous names that remain in use:
Kussmaul breathing - Very deep and labored breathing with normal or reduced frequency seen in severe Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Kussmaul sign - Paradoxical rise in the Jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inhalation in Constrictive pericarditis or Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Kussmaul disease-(Also called Kussmaul-Maier disease) - Polyarteritis nodosa
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Allen Whipple(1881-1963)
American surgeon
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Whipple procedure- pancreatic cancer operation.
During his lifetime, Whipple performed 37 pancreaticoduodenectomies
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Whipple's triad-collection of three criteria (called Whipple's criteria) that suggest a patient's symptoms result from hypoglycemia. The triad is stated in various versions, but the essential conditions are:
1-Symptoms known or likely to be caused by hypoglycemia
2-A low glucose measured at the time of the symptoms
3-Relief of symptoms when the glucose is raised to normal
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Armand Trousseau(1801-1867)
French internist
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Trousseau sign of malignancy-medical sign found in certain cancers that is associated with hypercoagulability.
Armand Trousseau first described this finding in 1860,he later found the same sign in himself,was subsequently diagnosed with gastric cancer and died soon thereafter.
Trousseau sign of latent tetany-spasmodic contraction of muscles especially the muscle of mastication in response to nerve stimulation(e.g by tapping)
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Austin Flint (1812-1886)
American cardiologist
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Flint's murmur - a loud presystolic murmur at the apex in aortic regurgitation
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Dr. Burrill B. Crohn(1884-1983)
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Crohn's Disease- chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. Crohn's Disease can affect the digestive system anywhere along the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the lips, the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunem, the ileum, the ileocecal valve, the cecum, the ascending or right colon, the transverse colon, the descending or left colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum, to the anus.
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Charles McBurney (surgeon)
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McBurney's point-the point over the right side of the human abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) to the umbilicus (the belly button). This point roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum.
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Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg(1871-1946)
German physician
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Krukenberg tumour- classically refers to a secondary ovarian malignancy whose primary site arose in the gastrointestinal tract. Krukenberg tumors are often found in both ovaries. Microscopically, they are characterized by appearance of mucin-secreting signet-ring cells in the tissue of the ovary; when the primary tumor is discovered, the same signet-ring cells will be found.
Krukenberg's spindle-a vertical, fusiform deposition of melanin pigmentation in the deep layers of the cornea.
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Friedrich Trendelenburg(1844-1924)
German surgeon
He died of cancer of the mandible, aged 80
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Trendelenburg position-the body is laid flat on the back (supine position) with the feet higher than the head, in contrast to the reverse Trendelenburg position, where the body is tilted in the opposite direction. This is a standard position used in abdominal and gynecological surgery. It allows better access to the pelvic organs as gravity pulls the intestines away from the pelvis.
Trendelenburg's cannula- cannula used during surgery of the larynx to prevent the patient from swallowing blood during the operation.
Trendelenburg operation- treatment of varicose veins which involved ligation of the saphenous vein.
Trendelenburg's test-describes a test for varicose veins as well as a test to assess hip mobility.
The Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test- atest for incompetent valves in superficial veins.
Trendelenburg's symptom-a sign of congenital dislocation of the hip.
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Hans Chiari(1851-1916)
Austrian pathologist
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Budd-Chiari syndrome-is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein or inferior vena cava. Its presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites and hepatomegaly. Examples of occlusion include thrombosis of hepatic veins and membranous webs in the inferior vena cava. The syndrome can be fulminant, acute, chronic, or asymptomatic. It occurs in 1 out of 100,000 individuals and is more common in females. Some 10-20% also have obstruction of the portal vein.
Arnold-Chiari malformation-a brain malformation that is characterized by abnormalities in the region where the brain and spinal cord meet, and it causes part of the cerebellum to protrude through the foramen magnum (bottom of the skull) into the spinal canal.
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Harvey Williams Cushing(1869-1939)
American neurosurgeon
He is widely regarded as the greatest neurosurgeon of the 20th century, and often called the "father of modern neurosurgery".
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Cushing's Syndrome-also called hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism) is an endocrine disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood from a variety of causes, including a pituitary adenoma (known as Cushing's disease), adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia, ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production (e.g., from a small cell lung cancer), and iatrogenic (steroid use).
Normally, cortisol is released from the adrenal gland in response to ACTH being released from the pituitary gland.
Both Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease are characterized by elevated levels of cortisol in the blood, but the cause of elevated cortisol differs between the two disorders. Cushing's disease specifically refers to a tumour in the pituitary gland that stimulates excessive release of cortisol from the adrenal gland by releasing large amounts of ACTH. In Cushing's disease, the pituitary gland does not respond as it should with negative feedback to high levels of cortisol, and continues to produce ACTH.
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Henry Stanley Plummer(1874-1937)
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia-a disorder linked to severe, long-term iron deficiency anemia, which causes swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) due to web-like membranes of tissue growing in the throat (esophageal webs).
Plummer's nails-refers to the separation of the nail from the nailbed which occurs in thyrotoxicosis and psoriatic arthritis.
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Sir James Paget(1814-1899)
British surgeon
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Paget's disease of the nipple-a form of intraductal breast cancer spreading into the skin around the nipple.
Paget's disease of bone-a chronic disorder that typically results in enlarged and deformed bones, The excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue that occurs with Paget's disease can cause bone to weaken, resulting in bone pain, arthritis, deformities, and fractures. Paget's disease may be caused by a slow virus infection (i.e., paramyxoviruses such as measles, Canine distemper virus and respiratory syncytial virus)
Paget's abscess-an abscess that recurrs at the site of a former abscess which had resolved.
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Jean-Martin Charcot(1825-1893)
French neurologist
He was called the Napoleon of the neuroses
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (peroneal muscular atrophy)
Charcot's artery (lenticulostriate artery)
Charcot's joint (diabetic arthropathy)
Charcot's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
Charcot Wilbrand syndrome (visual agnosia & loss of ability to revisualise images)
Charcot's intermittent hepatic fever (intermittent pain, intermittent fever, intermittent jaundice & loss of weight)
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms (tiny aneurysms of the penetrating branches of middle cerebral artery in hypertensives).
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Dr. Joseph Babiński (rear) supports a "hysterical" female patient during demonstration by (left) Professor Charcot..
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Johann Friedrich Horner(1831-1886)
ophthalmologist
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.Horner's syndrome-is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system, Signs found in all patients on affected side of face include ptosis (drooping upper eyelid from loss of sympathetic innervation to the Müller muscle), upside-down ptosis (slight elevation of the lower lid), and miosis (constricted pupil) and dilation lag. Enophthalmos (the impression that the eye is sunk in) and anhidrosis (decreased sweating) on the affected side of the face, loss of ciliospinal reflex and blood shot conjunctiva may occur depending on the site of lesion.
In children Horner's syndrome sometimes leads to a difference in eye color between the two eyes (heterochromia). This happens because a lack of sympathetic stimulation in childhood interferes with melanin pigmentation of the melanocytes in the superficial stroma of the iris.
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John Benjamin Murphy(1857-1916)
American physician
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.Murphy's sign-(a sign of inflammation of the gallbladder) it is performed by asking the patient to breathe out and then gently placing the hand below the costal margin on the right side at the mid-clavicular line (the approximate location of the gallbladder). The patient is then instructed to inspire (breathe in). Normally, during inspiration, the abdominal contents are pushed downward as the diaphragm moves down (and lungs expand). If the patient stops breathing in (as the gallbladder is tender and, in moving downward, comes in contact with the examiner's fingers), the test is considered positive. A positive test also requires no pain on performing the maneuver on the patient's left hand side. Ultrasound imaging can be used to ensure the hand is properly positioned over the gallbladder
Murphy’s button-(a mechanical device used for intestinal anastomosis)
Murphy’s punch- (a punch tenderness at the costo-vertebral angle in cases of
perinephric abscess)
Murphy’s test-(a test for deep-seated tenderness and muscular rigidity in cases of
perinephric abscess)
Murphy drip-for administration of fluids by proctoclysis in patients with peritonitis
Murphy-Lane bone skid (a common commercial steel instrument used for femoral head procedures).
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Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski (1857-1932)
French neurologist
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.Babinski's sign- pathological reflex where the great toe extends in presence of an injury to the pyramidal tract.
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.Anton-Babinski syndrome-condition characterized by denial of blindness in lesions of the occipital lobe. Named with neurologist Gabriel Anton.
Babinski-Fröhlich syndrome or Adiposo-genital syndrome-Condition characterized by feminine obesity and sexual infantilism in case of pituitary tumours. Named with pharmacologist Alfred Fröhlich.
Babinski-Froment syndrome-Vasomotor and trophic disorders, diffuse amyotrophy and muscle contractions subsequently to traumatic tissue damage. Named with neurologist Jules Froment.
Babinski-Nageotte syndrome-Syndrome seen in unilateral bulbar lesions of the medullobulbar transitional region. Named with neurologist Jean Nageotte.
Babinski-Vaquez syndrome-Tabes dorsalis associated with cardiac and arterial pathology as late manifestation of syphilis. Named with hematologist Louis Henri Vaquez.
Babinski-Weil test-Test for demonstration of a laterodeviation in case of vestibular disorders.
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Babinski-Jarkowski rule-For localization of a medullary lesion.
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Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff (1866-1942)
German physician and pathologist
He is considered to be one of the most influential pathologists of the early 20th century and is regarded as the most important German pathologist after Rudolf Virchow.Aschoff was especially interested in the pathology and pathophysiology of the heart.
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. Aschoff bodies or Aschoff nodules -nodules in the myocardium present during rheumatic fever.
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Ludwig Traube (1818 -1876)
German physician
was a son of a Jewish wine merchant
Among his teachers were Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869)
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.Traube's space-an anatomic region of some clinical importance. It's a crescent-shaped space, encompassed by the lower edge of the left lung, the anterior border of the spleen, the left costal margin and the inferior margin of the left lobe of the liver. Thus, its surface markings are respectively the left sixth rib, the left midaxillary line, and the left costal margin.
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Paul Pierre Broca (1824–1880)
French physician
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.Broca's area- the speech production center of the brain located in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobes, He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients. His first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital was Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan" due to his inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan".
In 1861, through post-mortem autopsy, Broca determined that Tan had a lesion caused by syphilis in the left cerebral hemisphere. This lesion was determined to cover the area of the brain important for speech production.
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Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (1821-1902)
German doctor
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.Virchow's node-enlarged left supra-clavicular node is one of the earliest signs of gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly of the stomach, or less commonly, lung cancer.
The triad consists of:
1-Alterations in normal blood flow (stasis)
2-Injuries to the vascular endothelium
3-Alterations in the constitution of blood (hypercoagulability).
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William James Mayo ( 1861–1939)
(refers to a palpable nodule bulging into the umbilicus as a result of metastasis of a malignant cancer in the pelvis or abdomen).
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Johns Hopkins Hospital: Harvey Cushing, Howard Kelly, William Osler, and William S. Thayer (seated in front)..
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